Tag: Euthyphro

Identify historical beginnings of philosophy and contemporary positions concerning the nature of knowledge and reality.

Identify historical beginnings of philosophy and contemporary positions concerning the nature of knowledge and reality.

Distinguish the basic concepts of moral and political philosophy

Evaluate arguments for and against the existence of God

Evaluate various approaches to the mind-body problem.

Why according to Socrates, must one NOT heed popular opinion about moral matters? Does Socrates accept the fairness of the laws under which he was tried and convicted? Would Socrates have been wrong to escape? Finally, how does the notion of a social contract apply to Socrates’ reasoning? (CO3)?

[You must use and cite the Crito in completing this paper.]Socrates asks Euthyphro, “Are morally good acts willed by God because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by God?”

(1) How does this question relate to the Divine Command Theory of morality? (2) What are the philosophical implications associated with each option here? Finally, (3) which position do you feel is correct and why?

Explain (1) the process by which Descartes uses skepticism to refute skepticism, and (2) how he concluded that whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived cannot be doubted. (3) Explain why this project was important for Descartes to accomplish in light of Mediation VI. Finally, (4) discuss at least one problem his conclusion presents. (CO1, CO5)

Using several theories from weeks three and four justify the claim that it is or is not possible to have objective knowledge of the world in which we live.

Discuss the different conceptions and identify any differences between the theories. Then defend the notion that America is or is not currently operating under some form of a social contract. (CO 3)

Examine whether there is reason to think the pertinent arguments are indeed in contradiction with one another, as suggested by the statement quoted above.

Plato’s Protagoras

At the end of Plato’s Protagoras, Socrates suggests to Protagoras that the outcome of the argument is to leave both of them looking ridiculous. (361a). Here is how Socrates describes the situation, from what he imagines would be the discussion’s point of view:

Socrates, you said earlier that virtue cannot be taught, but now are arguing the very opposite and have attempted to show that everything is knowledge— justice, temperance, courage — in which case, virtue would appear to be eminently teachable. On the other hand, if virtue is anything other than knowledge, as Protagoras has been trying to say, then it would clearly be unteachable. (361b)

Notice that Socrates goes no further than to say than this is how the situation appears. He does not acknowledge a genuine contradiction in his own prior arguments — he’s just conceding the impression of one, in the interest of broaching a further investigation of the issues.

For this assignment, you are invited to assess this impression of the situation, through a consideration and assessment of the following proposition:

If Socrates’ arguments on behalf of the unity of virtue and knowledge are valid, those same arguments also imply that he cannot consistently reject Protagoras’ reasons for thinking that virtue is teachable.

1. You are not required, nor expected, to pass judgment on the overall validity of the arguments under discussion. The assignment calls simply for you to examine whether there is reason to think the pertinent arguments are indeed in contradiction with one another, as suggested by the statement quoted above. (To do this, however, you must take the arguments seriously, as arguments, advanced by characters who care about being found persuasive).

2. Your primary responsibility in writing this essay is to offer a potential contribution toward your (hypothetical) reader’s gaining a more complete comprehension of the arguments in Plato’s Protagoras. This does not mean you’re expected to resolve every ambiguity or obscurity in those arguments. But it also doesn’t mean that you can freely disregard what you deem ambiguous or obscure, or inconvenient to your interpretation. Your task is to make as much sense of the material that you can, and then (if need be) pinpoint as precisely as possible what remains obscure to you, or otherwise unresolved. This itself is a contribution toward an enlarged comprehension of the work under discussion.

3. Citations to the text should be given with Stephanus numbers. You may provide the citations parenthetically within the body of your essay. (See the format used in the “Euthyphro Study Guide”). As this is a short paper. direct quotations should be kept to a minimum – i.e., used only when truly needed for purpose of making a point. However,  note that you are expected to provide citations for all references to specific statements or references in the text, whether or not you quote from the text directly.