Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid/Base Balancing
What are the two fluid compartments of the human body and roughly how much fluid is in each compartment?
What are the membranes that make up the two fluid compartments?
What is defined as an inorganic compound that dissociates into ions and is closely related to fluid balance?
What is the largest way that we gain water, how about lose water?
The level of _______ determines the volume of metabolic water formed.
What are the four different triggers that can trigger the thirst response?
Where is the thirst center found?
What are the two main solutes found in urine?
What are the three major hormones that control renal secretion and reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-?
What is the major hormone that regulates water loss?
What is water intoxication and how could it happen in the human body? What is the mechanism in which water is pushed into the cells?
If you had a patient that is severely dehydrated, what type of solution would you want to give that patient in their IV and why?
What is the chief cation of extracellular fluid? What is the primary anion of extracellular fluid? What is the primary/chief cation of intracellular fluid? What is the primary/chief anion of the intracellular fluid?
A client is experiencing numbness and tingling in their fingers and lips while donating blood plasma. You suspect that the client is experiencing mild _________. You work quickly to have them drink some _________ to replenish their _________ levels before they start experiencing more severe symptoms like laryngeal spasms, tetany, and convulsions.
Normal arterial blood pH ranges from _____ to ______.
Example: blood pH is 7.25 is
Example: blood pH is 7.63 is
Example: blood pH is 7.44 is (is this compensated blood?)
Indicators that this is compensated blood are:
What are the mechanisms that maintain normal blood pH range in order of how quickly they are activated?
What are the three chemical buffer systems and how do each help to maintain normal blood pH?
You have a client that was given some bad news. They begin to hyperventilate. What would you anticipate seeing happen to their blood pH level and how would their HCO3- levels change? What would happen to their body to compensate for the change in pH?
You have a client with blood chemistry levels of a pH of 7.32 and find that their HCO3- levels are 22 mEq/L (Normal range is: 23-30 mEq/L). What is happening to their body?
The patient is now hyperventilating. Can you explain why they this is a normal response?
A young kid is having a tantrum and is holding their breath because they are angry. After a short period of time, what would you expect their blood pH to look like? What about their HCO3- levels? What would be used to compensate for this change?
After time the blood pH should start to go DOWN. You should see bicarbonate levels go UP. Kidneys should begin to increase secretion H+ and increase reabsorption of HCO3-. This will make their blood pH go back UP.